Dubai, Sep 13: A lightning advance by Houthi rebels threatens a crucial Red Sea shipping route. Drone attacks blamed on Iraqi militias have forced the closure of a major pipeline, and Iran is still disrupting the Strait of Hormuz.
It is a nightmare scenario for Saudi Arabia, and it has sent jitters through global markets.
The Saudis’ most essential ally, the United States, has been unpredictable and sometimes unreliable. US President Donald Trump seems reluctant to widen an already unpopular and stalemated Mideast war ahead of congressional elections. For Iran, the rebels’ advance and closure of the pipeline ramp up global economic pressure as its grip over the Strait of Hormuz has been loosened.
Michael Ratney, a former US ambassador to Saudi Arabia, said the latest developments are “incredibly frustrating” for the kingdom.
“Despite their antipathy for the Iranians, this is a war they never asked for, they had great trepidation about. And once it started, all of their … worst-case scenarios started coming true.”
The Saudi government did not respond to a request for comment. But a Saudi official, who was not authorised to brief media and spoke on condition of anonymity, said the kingdom would defend itself and work with partners, including the United States, to ensure freedom of navigation in the Red Sea.
Saudi hopes for a new Mideast have gone up in smoke
Saudi Arabia’s crown prince and de facto ruler, Mohammed bin Salman, has spent years trying to build a very different Middle East, with wide-ranging social and economic changes aimed at transforming the ultra-conservative kingdom into a global business hub in a more prosperous and integrated region.
Those efforts suffered major setbacks after Hamas’ October 7, 2023, attack on Israel, which triggered one war after another. When the US and Israel attacked Iran on February 28, it responded with missile and drone attacks on Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states, and effectively shut down the Strait of Hormuz, bottling up their oil and gas exports and jolting the world economy.
Saudi Arabia escaped some of the worst effects by piping its oil across the Arabian Peninsula to the Red Sea, where it could be exported to Europe via Egypt’s SUMED pipeline and the Suez Canal, or to Asia via a route running through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, and toward the Indian Ocean.
But tensions reignited with the Houthis in July, leading the rebels to declare a blockade of Saudi shipping and resume large-scale attacks for the first time in four years.
Over the last two days, the Houthis have seized the port city of Mokha and a Red Sea island from Saudi-backed Yemeni government forces, enhancing the rebels’ ability to block Saudi shipments through the Bab el-Mandeb.
On Friday, Saudi Arabia said it shut down the pipeline leading from major oil fields in the east to the Red Sea in the west because of drone attacks originating in Iraq, where Iran supports powerful militias. Regional officials recently told The Associated Press that the Houthis have helped the Iraqi militias carry out attacks.
Houthi attacks have already caused a plunge in Saudi oil exports to Asia, from around 3.4 million barrels a day in June to 1,28,000 in August, though they have recovered somewhat this month to 7,00,000, according to figures compiled by Kpler, a global trade monitor.
Saudis have few options
Saudi Arabia fought against the Houthis for years beginning in 2015, but its allies made little progress on the ground. The conflict killed an estimated 1,50,000 people and at times pushed Yemen to the brink of famine before a 2022 ceasefire.
“Saudi Arabia has spent several years trying to move beyond the Yemen conflict and focus on economic transformation and regional stability,” said Neil Quilliam, a Middle East expert at Chatham House.
“Recent Houthi gains increase pressure on Riyadh to respond, but every available option carries significant costs and uncertain outcomes.”
The Saudis could step up their military response and try to dislodge the Houthis, but that would prolong the conflict and lead to even heavier Houthi attacks on Saudi energy infrastructure, said Sherwan Hindreen Ali, Middle East research manager at ACLED, a conflict monitoring group.
“The kingdom already faced this in the past, but Houthi weaponry is more sophisticated now than it was back then, and the Saudis likely have less interceptor missiles available as a result of the US-Iran conflict,” he said.
The Saudis could also seek a diplomatic solution with either the Houthis or their patrons in Tehran.
But the Houthis have demanded the lifting of a Saudi-led blockade, which would allow them to grow much stronger over the long term, and Iran has little interest in stabilising the region without securing major US concessions.
US help may not be forthcoming
For decades, Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states have relied on US security guarantees. Those have eroded under Trump, who did not respond during his first term when a 2019 attack claimed by the Houthis temporarily knocked out half of Saudi Arabia’s oil supply.
In February, the US joined Israel in attacking Iran without consulting its Gulf allies, and since then it has struggled to defend them from Iranian attacks.
The US started airstrikes against the Houthis in January 2024 under the Biden administration, and the attacks continued until January 2025. Trump launched an air campaign against the rebels in March last year in response to earlier attacks on Red Sea shipping linked to the war in Gaza.
But this time, US forces are heavily deployed around the Strait of Hormuz, where they are blockading Iran and trying to prevent attacks on shipping there.
The fighting has visibly strained the US military and drawn down supplies of sophisticated interceptors.
The war is also deeply unpopular and has eroded Trump’s support after he had promised to keep the US out of Mideast wars. Launching another military campaign in Yemen could compound the struggles of fellow Republicans in tight House and Senate races.
Trump on Saturday said that Iran was “probably” behind the Saudi pipeline attack. Asked about a recent call with Saudi Arabia’s crown prince, he said: “He’s a good friend of mine, and I can just say everything’s going to work out fine and dandy.”
The White House did not respond to a request for comment on whether it plans to intervene in Yemen.
Speaking about the war with Iran on Thursday, Trump dismissed the idea of increasing military pressure, as some US hawks have suggested. “Maybe I don’t do that because of the election,” he told the Fox News show The Ingraham Angle.
Ratney, the former US ambassador, said it would be difficult for the Saudis to achieve their objectives without consistent US support, which they had at previous times while fighting the Houthis.
“My understanding at this point is the White House is not enthusiastic about getting involved,” he said.
